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Is Your Baseball Team Overpaid?
May 20th, 2007 by JTJ

An interesting piece of analysis and visual infographics posted today on the O'Reilly Radar site.  See http://radar.oreilly.com/archives/2007/05/baseball_team_overpaid.html




Assuming you have a baseball team, Ben Fry will let you answer that
question. He has created a tool for visualizing the salary of Major
League Baseball teams versus their performance in 2007 (prev. As he explains:


This sketch looks at all 30 Major League Baseball Teams and ranks them
on the left according to their day-to-day standings. The lines connect
each team to their 2007 salary, listed on the right.

Drag the date at the top to move through the season. The first ten
days of the season are ommitted because the rankings to (at least) that
point are statistically silly. You can also use the arrow keys on the
keyboard to move forward or backward one day.

A steep blue line means that the team is doing well for its money,
which reflects well on the team's General Manager. A steep red line
implies that the team is throwing away money. The thickness of the line
is proportional to the team's salary relative to the others.


The images above are captures of the beginning of the season rankings
(left) as compared to now (right). It looks like Boston is now at a
break-even point whereas the Yankees are sinking and a bit over-paid. I
wonder if any of the GM compensation decisions are made based on this
tool.




4th Lake Arrowhead Conference on Human Complex Systems
Apr 26th, 2007 by JTJ

We're at the UCLA conference center attending the
4th Lake Arrowhead Conference on Human Complex Systems



First take:

WILLIAM B. ROUSE bill.rouse@ti.gatech.edu
Complex Systems: Phenomena, Characteristics & Research Questions
Rouse tells us that NSF has come to recognize the potential value of Agent Based Modeling.  The agency will, probably in the fall of 2008, issue calls for proposals to do multi-disciplinary research into complex systems and ABM.
See Human/Technology
Interaction in Complex Systems
(Elsevier).



Second take:

W. F. LAWLESS lawlessw@mail.paine.edu, JOSEPH WOOD, & HUI-LIEN TUNG
Organizational Metrics with the Quantum Approach: Constructing an Organization of Quantum Agents

Bill Lawless' interesting work finds that groups operating on a “concensus model” are less effective and efficient when compared to “majority model” decision-making groups.



Third take:

GEORGIOS C. CHASPARIS gchas@seas.ucla.edu & JEFF S. SHAMMA shamma@ucla.edu
“The Emergence of Efficient Social Networks by Dynamic Reinforcement”

Chasparis' work has implications for journalism institutions IF they understand that they can (should?) be the hub (or node) for facilitating transactions between users and those with the desired resources and/or between the journalistic institution and the community.  The presentation is complicated and laden with equations — after all, the authors are in mechanical engineering — but study well their implications of how networks are created and emerge.

What this presentation suggests is that we could model circulation/promotion campaigns by “selling” one subscription to an individual household.  Then, having planted that seed of recognition and brand AND assuming that there is neighbor-to-neighbor communication, we fertilize that seed by delivering for free our paper to the immediately adjacent neighbors.  And, perhaps, we use stick-on/peel off labels to publicize something special for that node of concentration.  Now we have created a potential point of commonality for the neighbors to talk about and, we hope, appreciate.  The question then becomes “How can we create added value” for that cluster of subscribers.

Second point raised: Can we model what is the optimum  time for prescription offers?  Is 13-weeks the best or five?  Let's find out.



Fourth Take (Thur. afternoon):

NICHOLAS GESSLER gessler@ucla.edu
“Intermediated Cultural Cognition: Putting Materiality Back into Simulations”

See Gessler's homepage — http://gessler.bol.ucla.edu/ — for excellent collection of visual and dynamic tools for modeling.



Fifth Take:


Sixth take:


H. JOEL JEFFREY & JASON NADRO jeffrey@cs.niu.edu
“Implementing the Community-Practice Model for Agent-based Simulation”



Seventh take:

    DARIO NARDI darionardi@msn.com
    “Social Neuroscience: Lessons from Exploring Agents’ Minds


Session eight:

MICHAEL W. MACY  mwm14@cornell.edu, ARNOUT V AN DE RIJT, & DAVID SIEGEL
“Neighborhood Chance and Neighborhood Change”

Presentation on residential segregation modeling.  “Schelling suggests that segregation can emerge at the active level even if it is not sought by the residents.”  Later findings (Bruch and Mare): Segregation increases with indifference to segregation.  Why?  Not really a lack of indifference.  Also, equal granularity in the multicultural function.  (See also: http://paa2006.princeton.edu/download.aspx?submissionId=60143)

Conclusions: 
Potentially good methods here for researching segregation of a city, but also might be applied to understanding concentrations of newspaper subscriptions and their correlated demographics.


Friday Morning

First session

KLAUS JAFFE Kjaffe@usb.ve  Universidad Simón Bolívar
Sociodynamics: Towards a Fundamental Science of Social Dynamics

A fine demonstration of his modeling tool, SOCIODYNAMICA
   “Sociodynamics is an interdisciplinary attempt to study the dynamics of
complex systems within the conceptual frame of subjects spanning
biology, sociology, politics, history, economy and other sciences.

Second session

DAVID SALLACH sallach@anl.gov
Computational Dialects and Communities of Discourse

Pertinent presentation on the importance of the language used in modeling, the ambiguity of words but the lack of it in terms of agents' action.  Also the need to build in threats & intimidation, humor and irony, etc.

Interesting discussion of what he terms “discourse communities.”  i.e. “Dynamic interplay of cultural resources and situated identities.”


Third session

LARRY KUZNAR kuznar@ipfw.edu
Predicting Risky Behavior in Tribal Societies: Validating Decision Paradigms and Exploring Models

Addresses issue of “deep uncertainty” — experts agree on what the basic theory is, but can't agree on what the parameters and metrics should be.  And in his field, anthropology, can't even agree on what should be the issues and framework.

His approach is to apply a number of theoretical metrics (15 models) to building a “society” (based on good anthro data) and see which works best.  An approach closely related to exploratory data analysis that analytic journalists often use.

Commonalities of models that worked well:
    1) Agents were quasi-optimal (smart)
    2) Agents nonetheless diverse (heterogeneous.e.g. individual agents             doing different things.)



Fourth session

ANTONIO R. DIAZ ardiaz@uabc.mx, SUSAN JONES, LYNNE HALL, MANUEL P. CASTAÑÓN & DORA F. GUTIERREZ
An Approach to Simulating Mobility and Migratory Behavior in Tijuana

Interesting related link here for Agenda Setting Workshop on Social Simulation.

Good presentation on simulation (computational modeling?) of the Tuberculosis cycle in Tijuana plus looking at models of corruption.  He points out that the Chinese population in Tijuana is growing very fast.  Interesting, and valuable, application of Maslow's pyramid of needs concepts (i.e starting with the physical needs to social to moral needs.)

Working on integrating Beer's Visable Systems Model with transactional analysis models.


Topic: FROM HEAT BUGS TO SMART PARTS

Fifth Session

JONATHAN OZIK jozik@anl.gov & DAVID L. SALLACH sallach@anl.gov
Interpretive Heatbugs: Aggressive Acts and Voluntary Contributions


Sixth Session

*) Warmer climate societies tend to be poorer.  (Because the ready availability of food means that the individuals do not have to think long-term.
*) Refutes the idea that “we are blind to emergence.”  Instead points to the “emergence” of academic disciplines.  [So how come some disciplines, e.g. biology, seem to have many more emerging sub-disciplines than those from the Humanities (and especially journalism)?]

Seventh Session:

CHRISTINE WYCISK cwycisk@web.de & BILL MCKELVEY mckelvey@anderson.ucla.edu
“Smart Parts Logistics Systems as Complex Adaptive Systems: How to Design a Model to Manage an Artificial World?”

Objective: to make logistics systems work in/as complex adaptive models.
[Essentially, this is about the best — most efficient — way to receive raw materials and deliver the finished product to customers of various types.  Could have direct application for publishing industry, if it only knew about such methods.]

They are researching how to build-in RFID chips into products like cars to imbue the product with enough intelligence to, for example, figure out the most optimum way to get itself to a truck or ship. 

PlaSMA: Multiagent-based simulation for logistics


Data Visualization is Everywhere!
Apr 12th, 2007 by JTJ

This doesn't have anything to do with Analytic Journalism per se, but
while flying from Cairo to Dubai recently I looked out the window at
39,000 feet somewhere over the sands of central Saudi Arabia.  What to
my wondering eyes did appear, but an expanse of pie charts. 



Of
course these are irrigated crops.  A friend in Dubai, who grew up in
Saudi Arabia, said the reason they are not all completely filled
circles is because some growers don't have enough money (yet) to buy
the equipment necessary to complete the 360-degree irrigation.



Good jump site for satellite maps
Apr 12th, 2007 by JTJ

Our thanks to someone somewhere who pointed us to “Flashearth,” an interesting site under development that supplies links to multiple mapping programs that draw on global  satellite imagery.  The are: Google Maps; Microsoft VE (aerial); Microsoft VE (labels); Yahoo Maps; Ask.com (aerial); Ask.com (physical); OpenLayers; NASA Terra (daily).

The sites vary in the degree of “zoomability,” but each offers slightly different capability and data.  In any event, it is most likely worthy of a bookmark.



The good stuff just keeps coming and coming
Feb 25th, 2007 by JTJ

We realize there is a robust handful of very good infographic reporters and designers working out there for many different publications, but the gang at the NY Times just keeps on keepin' on with innovative — and 98 percent of the time — highly informative infographics and visual displays of data.  Today's (25 Feb 2007) edition is a basket rich with fine examples:

* “Truck Sales Slip, Tripping Up Chrysler” (Business Section, p. 8). Offers up a complex (they often are) “treemap” of vehicle sales.

* “Who Do You Think We Are?” (Week in Review – Op-Art, p. 15).  Ben Schott, author of “Schott’s Original Miscellany” and “Schott’s Almanac 2007,” a yearbook of American society.” presents some basic line and bar charts, but on subjects of interest to AJ readers.  Specifically, “Confidence in Institutions” (the “press” is the lowest, even below Congress) and “Newspaper Readership.”  (And you already know what that graph looks like.) 

*) “How Two Rights Can Make a Wrong” (Week in Review – p. 5).  Howard Markel, M.D. and Bill Marsh give us a fine graphic illustrating complex drug interactions.



A semi- "by the numbers" tutorial on data visualization
Feb 14th, 2007 by JTJ

Juan C. Dürsteler, in Barcelona, Spain, edits a fine online magazine devoted to information graphics.  The current issue describes “… the diagram for the process of
Information Visualisation as seen by Yuri Engelhardt and the author
after a series of discussions about its nature and the process that
leads from Data to Understanding.” 

And it is available in English and Spanish.  Check out
http://www.infovis.net/printMag.php?num=187&lang=2



We are living in a Digital Revolution
Feb 13th, 2007 by JTJ

The IAJ — and the cause for analytic journalism — picked up some good publicity in Venezuela this week.  The IAJ's managing director, Tom Johnson, is in Maracaibo to give three days of lectures and workshops to students and professors from the University of Zulia and a handful of local journalists.  The largest newspaper in Maracaibo, Panorama, gave good inside play on Monday to an interview with Johnson.

ENTREVISTA. EL PERIODISTA NORTEAMERICANO DICTA CURSO
Tom Johnson: “Vivimos una revolución digital”

Texto: Ricardo Pineda Toledo

Dictará el primer curso
internacional de periodismo analítico. “Son tiempos informativos muy
difíciles en los EE UU con el actual Gobierno”. A su juicio,
Latinoamérica crece potencialmente en términos de “tinta y papel”.

A escasas horas de haber aterrizado en Maracaibo, el periodista
norteamericano Tom Johnson visitó PANORAMA para compartir algunos
detalles del curso que impartirá, a partir hoy y hasta el miércoles),
sobre periodismo analítico en plena era digital.
El profesor de la Universidad de San Francisco, California, y alguna
vez periodista de las revistas Time y Fortune, por sólo nombrar
algunas, estuvo acompañado por los profesores de La Universidad del
Zulia María Isabel Neuman y Ángel Páez. Aseguró que tiene muchas
expectativas de interactuar con profesionales y estudiantes de
periodismo en el Zulia.  [More]

[Ed. Note:  Strange as it may seem, the policy of this newspaper, Panorama, is to remove or de-activate the links to stories 24 hours after they appear.  No, it is not a money thing, because the newspaper's web site doesn't even have a “search” tool.  So we've taken the liberty to post the entire article below.]


ENTREVISTA. EL PERIODISTA
NORTEAMERICANO DICTA CURSO

Tom Johnson: “Vivimos una
revolución digital”

Texto: Ricardo Pineda Toledo

12 Feb. 2007

image 

Dictará el
primer curso internacional de periodismo analítico. “Son tiempos informativos
muy difíciles en los EE UU con el actual Gobierno”. A su juicio, Latinoamérica
crece potencialmente en términos de “tinta y papel”.

A escasas horas de haber
aterrizado en Maracaibo, el periodista norteamericano Tom Johnson visitó
PANORAMA para compartir algunos detalles del curso que impartirá, a partir hoy
y hasta el miércoles), sobre periodismo analítico en plena era digital.

El profesor de la Universidad de
San Francisco [sic: San Francisco State University[, California, y alguna vez periodista de las revistas Time y
Fortune, por sólo nombrar algunas, estuvo acompañado por los profesores de La
Universidad del Zulia María Isabel Neuman y Ángel Páez. Aseguró que tiene
muchas expectativas de interactuar con profesionales y estudiantes de
periodismo en el Zulia.

—¿Cuáles
son los principales problemas que, a su juicio, se presentan en las redacciones
de los diarios de hoy?

—El problema principal no es uno
nuevo: es la resistencia de los gobiernos, de cualquier país, en dejar que el
público acceda a la data que ellos necesitan para formar sus propias
decisiones. En todos los países del mundo, los políticos quieren mantener las
cosas en secreto. Son tiempos muy difíciles en los Estados Unidos con la actual
administración (de George W. Bush). En segundo lugar, las instituciones
tradicionales del periodismo —tanto impreso como audiovisual— no invierten, en
mi opinión, el dinero suficiente en la educación de sus empleados. Estamos ante
una revolución digital, el ambiente informativo se transforma literalmente
todos los días.

—¿Cómo
cree que deba ser la incorporación de los recursos tecnológicos en las escuelas
de periodismo universitarias?

—Tradicionalmente, los
departamentos de comunicación social han enfatizado la enseñanza de cómo
escribir. La redacción es muy importante y es absolutamente necesaria, pero en
sí mismo no es suficiente.

Escribir es una de las
herramientas que todo periodista debe dominar; lo que hablaré en este seminario
es cómo deben pensar cualitativamente en su habilidad redaccional y,
simultáneamente, de manera cuantitativa, para que empleen habilidades numéricas
del tipo analítico.

Por ejemplo, si alguien dice que
Maracaibo está creciendo y expandiéndose, eso es un juicio cualitativo; pero
los periodistas necesitan medir qué tan rápido serán esos cambios y a qué
grado.

—¿Cuánto
porcentaje del contenido de la red utiliza un reportero promedio?

—No puedo dar un ejemplo preciso,
excepto por mi esposa, que es antropóloga y abogada. Hace un año terminó un
libro de sistema de legalidad internacional. Le tomó cinco años realizarlo y
pensó, al comienzo, que tal vez le tomaría la mitad investigarlo por internet.
Pasó el tiempo y al final del libro toda su investigación se basó por entero en
la red.

Los reporteros pueden trabajar de
la misma manera; es sólo cuestión de salir a hacer la búsqueda inicialmente en
la calle y luego tomar de la red el complemento. Hay que salir a la calle
porque no se puede realizar todo desde la oficina. Un periodista siempre tiene
que tener contacto humano, hablar con las fuentes, encontrar los tópicos más
importantes de un tema.

—Internet
y periodismo. Nombre algunas ventajas y advertencias.

—La primera ventaja es la
velocidad de acceder a la data, y por data no me refiero a la cuantitativa sino
que también a la cualitativa. Veremos más data de audio y de video. La
habilidad de contactar una variedad de fuentes alrededor del mundo sobre un
problema se está agilizando.

En cuanto a las advertencias o,
mejor dicho, desventajas, pienso que los periodistas más jóvenes tienden a
pensar que todo lo que está en la red es verdad y eso tal vez no sea el caso.
Así que nosotros, como educadores, tenemos que tratar de inculcar a nuestros
alumnos un sentido de escepticismo más grande, así sean de fuentes oficiales.

—¿Qué
destrezas deberá cultivar un periodista de hoy para ser más competitivo en su
carrera?

—Como sugerí anteriormente, las
habilidades cuantitativas. El periodismo es el primer refugio de los fóbicos a
las matemáticas, o al menos lo ha sido. Las personas que le tienen miedo a los
problemas aritméticos, se dicen que prefieren ser periodistas. Ya eso no
funciona. Necesitamos tener esas habilidades cuantitativas y analíticas; esa
sería la primera destreza.

El segundo más importante, creo
yo, es el uso de sistemas de información geográfica, porque todo lo que la
gente hace o dice tiene un punto geográfico: demografía, planos, flujo de
tráfico… todos ellos nos pueden dar una base para entender diferentes tipos
de fenómeno y saber, a partir de su aritmética, algo a partir de la observación
y sus locaciones.

—Según
su experiencia, ¿qué es lo más curioso que le ha ocurrido en esta época de
rápidas evoluciones tecnológicas?

—He vivido en San Francisco desde
1975 y, desde que trabajaba como periodista en la revista Time, presencié cómo
esta revolución de computadoras se vino desarrollando en nuestra profesión.
Tuve la oportunidad de asistir a la primera feria de computadoras en San
Francisco, en 1980.

He visto tantos cambios desde
entonces, como traducciones al instante a través de un chat entre colegas de
diferentes países e idiomas. Esa velocidad es el factor de contacto simultáneo
del cual me refiero, con personas que en sus vidas ni se han conocido. Eso es
magia.

—En el
caso de Latinoamérica, ¿cuáles son los desafíos que tienen los editores frente
a la red?

—Creo que los desafíos son los
mismos: ¿Cómo seguimos produciendo periódicos todos los días y encontrar tiempo
para realizar los métodos de enseñanza a los que me referí al comienzo? Pienso
que por los próximos 20 años Latinoamérica, África y el suroeste de Asia tienen
potencial de crecimiento en términos de “tinta y papel”, en contraste con
Europa y Norteamérica, donde vemos las circulaciones decaer no sólo por el
número de lectores potenciales sino por lo escaso de jóvenes estudiantes en el
área periodística. Ustedes no tienen ese problema, nosotros y Europa, sí.

—Los
blogs, ¿moda o un nuevo discurso de interacción en la red?

—Ambas. Yo prefiero verlas como
una interesante tecnología, porque es muy accesible con pocas destrezas. Por
eso tienes a millones de personas escribiendo en una especie de diario virtual.
Se convierte en una cuestión de ego, pero esa misma tecnología está creando
oportunidades entre varias comunidades para hacerle saber a la gente qué es lo
que está pasando a su alrededor. Cualquier persona con mínimo esfuerzo puede
contribuir a una conversación comunitaria.

—Con
los blogs y las facilidades para producir y difundir información se habla de
que todo el mundo puede hacer periodismo. ¿Es eso peligroso?

—No lo creo. Existe un mecanismo
de autocorrección en el flujo de manejar la información. Puede haber pequeños
momentos en donde un amateur puede capturar la esencia de la noticia como
cualquier periodista, tal vez no tan artísticamente como un fotógrafo o
redactor profesional.

Frente a un suceso, ciudadanos
pueden tomar fotos desde sus teléfonos celulares. ¿Es eso periodismo? Sí lo
creo. Los ciudadanos, a la larga, se convierten en periodistas al azar.

—¿Qué
servicios y desarrollos debe ofrecer un periódico electrónico para ser
realmente competitivo?

—Mapas, mostrar al lector el
punto geográfico donde se desarrolla el hecho (léase infográfico). En segundo
lugar, mientras le podamos ofrecer al lector data primaria relacionada con sus
vidas, más querrán visitar la página web.

Han habido esfuerzos exitosos de
poner en los sitios del periódico imágenes en tiempo real de mapas de tráfico,
para ver si hay un accidente o embotellamiento. Eso los previene.

Los periódicos en esta nueva era
deben convertirse en un mercado para transacciones: que el público acceda a la
información de su interés, bien sea de índole política, críticas de cine o el
precio de un jabón. Después de todo, ¿qué tanto hacemos para que las personas
en sus comunidades se relacionen con nuestros potenciales anunciantes?###


 

More "insightful" graphics
Jan 24th, 2007 by JTJ

Pardon the expression, but there seems to be a real “surge” in
infographics and visual statistics news in recent days.  This post on
Tim O'Reilly blog (an increasingly informative site, I find) points us to some
interesting tools out of the IBM shop.  Be sure to check out the site
for “Many Eyes.”  Impressive, and highly informative visualization of
useful data.


IBM Wants Many Eyes on Visualization

Posted: 23 Jan 2007 11:25 AM CST

By Tim O'Reilly

IBM today announced Many Eyes, a site for sharing and commenting on visualizations.
Martin Wattenberg, who developed the
original version of the treemap
we use for our book market visualizations as well as the awesome
baby name voyager
, and Fernanda Viegas, who worked with him on the equally awesome
history flow visualizations of Wikipedia, are the geniuses behind this project.

Many Eyes home page

As with swivel, users can upload any data set, but the tools for visualizing and graphing the data are much richer. The
visualization options
include US and World maps, line graphs, stack graphs, bar charts, block
histograms, bubble diagrams, scatter plots, network diagrams, pie
charts, and treemaps. The site isn't yet live, but should be very
shortly. Meanwhile, you can get a good sense of the types of graphs
available by checking out the visualization gallery.

I asked Martin and Fernanda how they compared themselves to swivel, and Fernanda replied:

You also asked if we see our site as “Swivel for
visualization”. That phrase isn't quite accurate (any more than Swivel
is “Many Eyes for data” ;-). Both our site and Swivel are examples of a
broader phenomenon, which we call “social data analysis,” where
playful, social exploration of data leads to serious analysis. At the
same time the two sites fall on different ends of a spectrum. Swivel
seems to have some neat data mining technology that finds correlations
automatically. By contrast, we've placed our emphasis on the power of
human visual intelligence to find patterns. My guess is that both
approaches will be successful because social data analysis is a
powerful idea.

Martin added:

In Many Eyes our goal is to “democratize” visualization by
offering it as a simple service. We also think that there's something
special about visualizations that gets people talking, so we placed a
big emphasis in design and technology to let people have conversations
around the visualizations.

Personally, I'd love to see swivel and manyeyes working together, as
swivel already has some great data sets, but has only a limited number
of graphing tools. But that's an exercise for the future. For now, data
wonks can just rejoice that both sites exist, and should start
exploring, and as Martin says, conversing about what they find. I love
both of these sites.




Organizing the data; organizing the visualization
Jan 23rd, 2007 by JTJ

Thanks to our friend at the University de Zulia in Maracaibo, Prof.
Maria-Isabel Neuman, we just learned about this Rosetta Stone of data
visualization.


This is a must-see:  “A Periodic Table of Visualization Methods.”
http://www.visual-literacy.org/pages/documents.htm


These guys in Switzerland at the Visual-Literacy Project have pulled together, in a
wonderfully coherent fashion,  the multiple concepts that many of us
have been working on for years. 



Be sure to also take a look at the
paper by Lengler and Eppler at the bottom of the “Maps” page.
It's a good, tight explanation of what they are up to.  We like their definition:

“A visualization method is a systematic, rule-based, external, permanent, and graphic representation that depicts information in a way that is conducive to acquiring insights, developing an elaborate understanding, or communicating experiences.”

But we're not so sure that “permanent” is crucial or should even be included.  If they are referring to “method,” then that would seem to limit the opportunity for refinements over time.  And if they are talking about the resulting displays of data, might not that reduce the possibility of dynamic data displays, say real-time traffic flows or changes in the stock market?  Simulations?  Oh, well, a refinement ripe for discussion.



What color is your percent of change?
Jan 21st, 2007 by JTJ

Yes, we do believe in borrowing good ideas.  In this case, we are suggesting that designers of infographics “borrow” from cartographers in carefully picking colors that do more than just brighten the page.
See Cynthia Brewer's work at http://www.personal.psu.edu/cab38/ColorSch/SchHome.html


Color Use Guidelines for Mapping and Visualization
Cynthia A. Brewer

Click for generalized structure with links to
discussion of each color scheme type


The graphic display of data plays a critical role in visualization and
exploratory data analysis. Appropriate use of color for data display allows
interrelationships and patterns within data to be easily observed. The
careless use of color will obscure these patterns. When color is used 'appropriately,'
the organization of the perceptual dimensions of color corresponds to the
logical ordering in the data. The color scheme typology I present matches
a comprehensive listing of the ways in which data are organized with corresponding
organizations of hue and lightness.

The scheme guidelines are limited to the use of color to directly represent
data that occur at locations in the graphic where colors occur. The types
of thematic maps to which these guidelines apply are choropleth maps (for
example, census tracts filled with colors representing the percentage of
the population from an ethnic group), filled isoline maps (for example,
color bands that mark set ranges of terrain elevation), and qualitative
areal-extent maps (for example, different colors for different types of
vegetation). My hope is that these guidelines and the associated terminology
will also guide the work of people grappling with data visualization challenges
in diverse disciplines such as physics, medicine, psychology, and graphic
arts.

A disorderly jumble of colors produces a map that is little more than
a spatially arranged look-up table. The goal of this WWW resource is to
help you do better than that by using color with skill. This resource provides
a generalized set of color schemes and example
maps.


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